Airline Operation

Air Accidents
* This is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft where as a result of the operation of an aircraft, any person (either inside or outside the aircraft) receives fatal or serious injury or any aircraft receives substantial damage. The occurrence is also not caused by the deliberate action of one or more persons and that leads to damage or injury. Types of Air Accidents

* Pilot Errors – either an airplane pilot makes a mistake while operating the controls or a pilot makes a poor decision about filing in adverse weather conditions. * Mechanical Errors – which can prevent the plane from flying, landing safely, or taking off correctly. * Air Traffic Control Errors – Pilots rely on air traffic controllers to keep them and their passengers safe. A small error could lead to a collision between two plane or a mistaken take-off or landing. * Maintenance Negligence – If an aircraft is not properly maintained or repaired as required by the FAA, it could result in a plane accident and aircraft accident injuries. * Adverse Weather Condition – Ice, snow, fog, and winds can all affect how a plane performs in the air. Ice on the wings or strong gusts of wind could lead to a plane crash, especially in the case of inexperienced pilots. * Fuelling Errors – Running out of fuel during a flight will logically lead to serious problems including crash landings Origin of Mayday

* An international radio-telephone signal word used as a distress call * Came from a French word “m’aider” which means “HELP ME!” * First known use in 1927
Safest Part of an Aircraft
* There is no safe part on any plane or aircraft for it depends on how the error emerged. But for instance, the part that we could say the safest is the empennage, because when the aircraft crashes the empennage has the lowest rate of destruction. That is why the “black box” is placed there. When an error happens, the crew members should:

* Pilots will call the head stewardess and will say “Perform Emergency
Evacuation Procedure” * Pilots will shut down all engines and avionics and activate the slides on doors for emergency exit. * While pilots are doing their protocol, Cabin crews will calm all the passengers down. * And they will assist the passengers and lead them to the slides. * The senior attendant slides down first so she/they can assist the passengers. * Lastly, Cabin crews will slide down and when all is clear, pilots will be the last to slide out of the plane.

On-Site Investigation

1. Aim Of On-Site Investigation
2. On Arrival At The Site
3. Precautionary Measures
4. Initial Survey Of The Site
5. Site Records
6. Accident Location
7. Evidence
8. Preservation Of Evidence
9. Collection And Handling Of Fluid Samples As Evidence
10. Release of Wreckage
11. Personal Effects
12. Allocation of Tasks
13. Photographs

14. Wreckage
A. Wreckage Distribution Chart
B. Examination Of Impact Marks And Debris
C. Wreckage In The Water
15. Operation Investigation
A.Overview of Operations Investigation
B. Crew Histories
C. Flight Planning
D. Weight And Balance
E.Weather
F. Air Traffic Services
G.Communications
H.Navigations
I.Aerodrome Facilities
J.Aircraft Performance
K.Compliance With Instructions
L. Statements Of Witnesses
M. Determining The Final Flight Path
N. Sequence Of Flight

16. Flight Recorders
A.Recorder Types
i. Flight Data Recorder
ii. Cockpit Voice Recorder
iii. Quick Access Recorder
iv. Air Traffic Service Recordings
v. Disclosure Of Records
17. Structural Investigation
A. Overview Of Aircraft Structure Investigation
B. Reconstruction Of Wreckage
i. Preliminaries
ii. Identification Of Pieces
ii. Reconstruction On-Site
18. Examination Of The Aircraft Structure
A. Airframe
B. Main planes, Fuselage, And Tail Unit
C. Undercarriage

19. Power Plant Investigation
A. Overview Of Power Plant Investigation
B. Procedure For Examining Engine Components And Systems
20. System Investigations
A. Overview Of Systems Investigation
B. Investigating Aircraft Systems
21. Maintenance Investigation
A. Overview Of Maintenance Investigation
B. Secure Aircraft And Maintenance Documentation
i. Aircraft Log Books And Maintenance Release
ii. Maintenance Documentation
22. Human Factors Investigation
23. Organization Factors Investigation
24. Unsafe Acts