Tomas, Kindergarten

Tomas impulsive action can be associated with the emotional or developmental problem caused by biological factors, genetic, neurological, biochemical or combination of these factors. For instance, the use of alcohol and substance abuse during the prenatal and postnatal period can affect Tomas gross motor, cognitive and emotional development. However, malnutrition can also make a child liable to an emotional behavioral problem (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2015). According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, estimated that 14 million children in the United State live in poverty, while 19% of U.S kids live in the family that cannot provide their basic need like food and shelter (Richard, 2017).

Harper, 3rd

Harper’s disability is associated with Other Health Impaired disability, a disability with numerous types of impairments that can result in chronic conditions that would limit a child’s ability to the effective educational environment. Harper gets overly upset about noise which is one of the characteristics of other health impaired. The causes are chronic acute health problems like leukemia and sickle cell. Some the characteristic of this disabilities is easily distracted, Hyperactivity, pays less attention to details Difficulty in completing the assigned task, and Deficit in mental skills According to U.S Department of Education, 2 to 9% of all children are identified with this disability (Anon, 2018).

Austin, 5th grade

Austin can be said to have a Traumatic Brain Injury as result of been hit by a car while he was riding his bike which he hits his head very hard. Traumatic brain injury is the injury to the brain leading to partial or total disability, some of the characteristics of traumatic brain injury are difficulty in remembering things, speech and language problem, Depression, Aggression, and unreasonable fear. It is estimated that Traumatic Brain Injury occurs among children & youths at the rate of 250:100,000 of the population. According to the report, males are more prone to TBI (Hallahan, Kauffman & Pullen 2015).

Millions of children in the United State faces developmental delay or other health issues that affect their cognitive, social, emotional, and physical ability. Special education was a designed instruction provided to parents of children with disability at no cost and to meet the demanding need of children with disability. Factors like culture, family background, biochemical or the combination these factors can affect a child’s developmental and learning skills.

Language, Culture, Family Background, & Communities Influence

Language: Most students with learning disabilities do have the problem with mechanical and social use of language, some of these problems are grammar, words meanings, and ability to break words into different component sounds and how to blend phonics sounds together to make words. Also, social use of language during discourse or mutual conversation with their nondisabled peers can be difficult because they cannot keep a conversation going for a long time. They can exhibit signs of discomfort during a conversation like the case of Tomas who struggled with recognizing the letters in his name, identifying different shapes, and consistently could not follow two-part instructions (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2015, p.128)

Culture: Culture deals with custom, heritage, and behavior shared among certain people and society. Culture can influence peoples understanding of disability and its etiology in the area of treatment, available resources, and professional advice. Some culture embraces spiritual assistance for their family member who has a disability (society, 2018)

Family Background: It is of the belief from research that family background is strongly correlated with student performance in school. However, the correlation did not tell us if family background, education, and economic success are dependent on each other (Egalite, 2016). According to Coleman’s search on the impact of family background on students’ academic success, Parental education plays a major role on children’s academic success. he said ‘educated parents are more likely to consider the quality of the local schools when selecting a neighborhood in which to live, more likely to read to their children compare to their less educated counterpart. They tend to enhance their children’s development and human capital by utilizing their own advanced language skills in communicating with their children compare to the less educated parent (Egalite, 2016).

Also, the social networking of educated parents is transmitted to the children by helping the children to socialize with other children and enhancing their academic achievement. It is estimated that, by age 3, children whose parents receive public assistance hear less than a third of the words encountered by their higher-income peers. As a result, the children of highly educated parents are capable of more complex speech and have more extensive vocabularies before they even start school (Egalite, 2016). Other factors like family income, and Parental Incarceration influence individual with the learning disability. Just like the case of Tomas impulsive action can because of biological factors, genetic, neurological, biochemical or combination of these factors. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 2.3 percent of U.S. children to have a parent in federal or state prison. Black children are 7.5 times more likely and Hispanic children 2.5 times more likely than white children to have an incarcerated parent which lowers the family income. For this reason, children with a parent in prison are at greater risk of homelessness, unproductive academic achievement (Egalite, 2016).

Communities influence: Children and youth are faced with many challenges that affect their learning, developmental, cognitive, and adaptive skills due to changing family constellations, economic hardship, exposure to violence, availability of drugs and alcohol, and a general loosening of community bonds

Cognitive, Linguistic, Social & Emotional

Cognitive: is designed to help enhance a variety of academic’s problems for students with learning disabilities because it focuses on problems of metacognition and motivation like Tomas case who is struggling with recognizing the letters in his name, identifying different shapes, and consistently could not follow two-part instructions (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2015, p.132)

Social & Emotional: Students who experience this problem are at higher risk of depression, social rejection, suicidal thought, and loneliness compare to their fellow counterpart who do not have this problem. The problem does have a long- lasting and devastating impact on individual learning ability. The reason for this problem or disorder is student deficits in social cognition, misreading social cues and misinterpreting the feelings or emotions of other students. Not knowing their how their behavior affects other students. Like the case of Tomas, whose impulsive action made him less able to focus on task than his peers (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2015, p.131)

Instructional Approaches

Approach 1: is the instructional approaches for writing, it deals with straightforward teaching and systematic ways for planning, revision, and editing compositions

Approach 2: is the instructional approaches for math, use for a constructive discovery-oriented approach to math.

Approach 3: is the instructional approaches for science and social studies, deals with a content area, content enhancement, and graphic organizers using visual devices like line, circle, and boxes (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2015, p.134)

Conclusion

Base on Tomas case and academic struggle in recognizing the letters in his name, identifying different shapes and inability to follow two-part instruction, Approach 1 and 3 will help enhance his cognitive, emotional and social skills.